<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="position: relative;" class=""><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" class=""><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/02/trump-won-where-import-shocks-from-china-and-mexico-were-strongest/?utm_term=.784609ded924" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk250354" previewremoved="true">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/02/trump-won-where-import-shocks-from-china-and-mexico-were-strongest/?utm_term=.784609ded924</a></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" class=""><br class=""></div><section id="top-content" class="col-md-offset-0 col-lg-offset-0 col-lg-12 col-sm-10 col-xs-10 layout col-xs-offset-1 col-sm-offset-1 col-md-12" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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margin-right: auto; max-width: 1440px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><div id="topper-headline-wrapper" class="col-xs-12 col-lg-9 col-sm-8" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; min-height: 1px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; width: 761.390625px;"><h1 data-pb-field="customFields.web_headline" itemprop="headline" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: PostoniWide, Georgia, serif; font-size: 56px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; line-height: 60px; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); display: inline-block; word-spacing: -0.02em;" class="">Trump won in counties that lost jobs to China and Mexico.</h1></div><div id="slug_tiffany_tile" data-ad-type="tiffany_tile" class="right hidden-xs" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; right: 10px; height: auto; max-height: 60px; overflow: hidden; background-image: none !important; padding-left: 20px !important; background-position: 0% 25% !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><div id="wpni_adi_tiffany_tile" class="slug header ads tiffany_tile" aria-hidden="true" data-google-query-id="CJnFqJbW1dACFc5DNwodVrUJgA" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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position: relative; min-height: 1px; float: left; width: 676.78125px; margin-left: 0px; border-right-style: none; margin-bottom: 1.875rem; background-image: url(https://img.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/img/spacer-gray.png); font-family: FranklinITCProLight, HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px 8.33333333% 0px 0px !important; background-position: 94% 50%;"><div class="full pb-feature moat-trackable pb-layout-item pb-f-theme-normal pb-f-article-article-deck" moat-id="article/article-deck|politics" data-chain-name="no-name" data-feature-name="no-name" data-feature-id="article/article-deck" id="f0TfIPq5P1xd3q" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; width: 592.1875px; position: relative; padding: 0px !important;"><div id="article-deck" class="article-deck" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div></div></div><div class="full pb-feature moat-trackable pb-layout-item pb-f-theme-normal pb-f-article-article-body" moat-id="article/article-body|politics" data-chain-name="no-name" data-feature-name="no-name" data-feature-id="article/article-body" id="f03q10g5P1xd3q" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; float: left; width: 592.1875px; position: relative; padding: 0px !important;"><div id="pb-article-body-author-modals" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; z-index: 5;" class=""></div><div id="article-body" class="article-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; position: relative; overflow: visible; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1440px;"><div class="hasnt-headshot has-0-headshots hasnt-bio is-not-column pb-sig-line" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-bottom: 25px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.1em;"><span class="pb-byline" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: FranklinITCProBold, sans-serif; display: inline-block; padding-right: 5px;">By <span itemprop="name" style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Andrea Cerrato</span>, <span itemprop="name" style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Francesco Ruggieri</span> and <span itemprop="name" style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Federico Maria Ferrara</span></span> <span class="pb-timestamp" itemprop="datePublished" content="2016-12-02T05:00-500" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.1em; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 5px; display: inline-block;">December 2 at 5:00 AM</span></div></div></div></section><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" class=""><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/02/trump-won-where-import-shocks-from-china-and-mexico-were-strongest/?utm_term=.784609ded924" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true"></a><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class=""><span style="line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Many commentators view Trump’s victory and the rise of other anti-establishment parties in the Western world as a backlash against economic globalization. Indeed, Donald Trump campaigned heavily on claims that </span><a href="http://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/26/trump-lashes-out-against-mexico-china-during-us-president-debate.html" style="line-height: 1.8em; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px;" class="">“U.S. jobs fled the country and headed to China and Mexico.”</a></p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">We looked more closely at this issue and found that counties facing stronger import competition from Mexico — and especially China — logged more votes for Trump compared with other Republican candidates in recent U.S. presidential elections.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class=""><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Yes, import competition matters to voters</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">From an economic standpoint, Trump’s victory is puzzling. The United States has <a href="http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">low and declining unemployment</a>, so a platform based on a protectionist agenda should make little sense. But focusing on the role of international trade helps solve part of the enigma.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">Economists <a href="http://economics.mit.edu/faculty/dautor" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">David Autor</a>, <a href="http://www.ddorn.net/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">David Dorn</a> and <a href="http://gps.ucsd.edu/faculty-directory/gordon-hanson.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Gordon Hanson</a> provide convincing <a href="http://economics.mit.edu/files/6613" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">evidence</a> that imports from China led to fewer manufacturing jobs in the United States. In a recent <a href="http://www.ddorn.net/papers/ADHM-PoliticalPolarization.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">paper</a> with <a href="http://www.kavehmajlesi.com/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Kaveh Majlesi</a>, they found that districts with industries more vulnerable to Chinese imports tended to elect congressional representatives taking more polarized stances, both among Republicans and Democrats.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">And economists <a href="http://cbpp.georgetown.edu/staff/j-bradford-jensen/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">J. Bradford Jensen</a>, <a href="http://faculty.msb.edu/sw439/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Stephen Weymouth</a> and <a href="http://faculty.msb.edu/quinnd/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Dennis P. Quinn</a> point out that incumbent parties are <a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w21899" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">more likely to lose votes</a> when imports increase and exports decrease, particularly in swing states where low-skilled manufacturing workers face competition from imports.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">Other political economists show international trade affects U.S. voting. For example, <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~ym2297/bio.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Yotam Margalit</a> shows that trade-related job losses — more than other job losses — make it <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~ym2297/Costly%20Jobs%20-%20APSR.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">harder for incumbents</a> to win elections.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class=""><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">So what about 2016 voting patterns?</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">We collected county-level data on employment by industry in the U.S. manufacturing sector from the<a href="http://www.bls.gov/cew/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class=""> Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages</a> (QCEW). Also, we considered county-level election results, drawn from the<a href="http://guides.lib.uchicago.edu/c.php?g=298128&p=1988822" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class=""> CQ Voting & Elections Collection</a>. Our third data source, for international trade statistics, was the<a href="http://comtrade.un.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class=""> UN Comtrade Database</a>.</p><div class="brandconnect-inline-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: FranklinITCProLight, HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">We used an approach first introduced by Autor, Dorn and Hanson to gauge county-level exposure to import competition. Economist <a href="http://www.italocolantone.com/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Italo Colantone</a> and <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/pierostanig/home" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Piero Stanig</a>, a political scientist, also used this method to study the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/07/07/the-real-reason-the-u-k-voted-for-brexit-economics-not-identity/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Brexit vote</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class=""><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">1) Here’s what we measured:</strong> The indicator uses each county’s industry composition at the beginning of a specific time frame, as well as variations in national imports from China and Mexico during the same period. So a high indicator for a county means local industries competed more heavily with Chinese and Mexican imports. This competition typically concentrates in electronics and textiles from <a href="http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/stacked/hs92/export/chn/usa/show/2001.2014/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">China</a>, or machinery and crude petroleum from <a href="http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/stacked/sitc/export/mex/usa/show/1993.2014/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">Mexico</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">For Mexico, we considered variations in trade between 1993 and 2016, to measure trade flows after the <a href="http://fortune.com/2016/09/27/presidential-debate-nafta-agreement/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>(NAFTA) came into force. We looked at China-related data after 2001, when China joined the World Trade Organization (see Figure 1). We found 1993 employment data publicly available for 2,220 counties, and 2001 data for 2,588 counties.</p><div class="modal-1 inline-photo inline-content inline-photo-normal horizontal-photo" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 12px 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: FranklinITCProLight, HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a name="85e1d5e606" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;" class=""></a><img class="zoom-in courtesy-of-the-resizer" data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-1-1024x469.jpg&w=1484" data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-1-1024x469.jpg&w=480" data-raw-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-1-1024x469.jpg" src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-1-1024x469.jpg&w=1484" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; width: 592.1875px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><span class="pb-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(110, 110, 110); margin-top: 4px;">Figure 1: Redder counties show stronger competition from Chinese imports. This appears to be concentrated in the Midwest (Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin) and in the Southeast (Alabama, Georgia). Data: QCEW and UN Comtrade. Figure: Cerrato, Ferrara and Ruggieri.</span></div><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">Next, we performed a <a href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/files/20.Sykes_.Regression.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class="">regression analysis</a> of the effect of import competition on the difference between the Republican vote share in the 2016 presidential election and the average share of votes for Republicans from 1996 (the first national election after the signing of NAFTA) through 2012 (see Figure 2). We weighted for each county’s population and added controls for changes in ethnic composition and educational attainment between 2000 and 2015.</p><div class="horizontal-photo inline-photo inline-content inline-photo-normal modal-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 12px 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: FranklinITCProLight, HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a name="5394e06e7c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;" class=""></a><img class="zoom-in courtesy-of-the-resizer" data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-2-1024x494.jpg&w=1484" data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-2-1024x494.jpg&w=480" data-raw-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-2-1024x494.jpg" src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-2-1024x494.jpg&w=1484" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; width: 592.1875px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><span class="pb-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(110, 110, 110); margin-top: 4px;">Figure 2: Redder counties show stronger Republican gains in 2016 vis-à-vis the average Republican vote share in 1996-2012 presidential elections. Gains were stronger in West Virginia, Missouri, and Oklahoma; and in the Midwest (Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio). Data: CQ Voting & Elections Collection. Figure: Cerrato, Ferrara and Ruggieri.</span></div><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class=""><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""> </em><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">2) Here’s what we found:</strong> Counties experiencing greater import shocks are the same counties where votes for the Republican presidential candidate jumped more in 2016. This is especially true for Chinese imports (see Figure 3). On average, a one-point increase in the indicator of import competition from China is associated with a 2.9 percent increase in support for Donald Trump vis-à-vis the county’s average support for Republican candidates over the past 20 years.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class=""><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""> </em></p><div class="modal-3 inline-photo inline-content inline-photo-normal horizontal-photo" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 12px 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: FranklinITCProLight, HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a name="1d4c69235c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;" class=""></a><img class="zoom-in courtesy-of-the-resizer" data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-3-1024x745.jpg&w=1484" data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-3-1024x745.jpg&w=480" data-raw-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-3-1024x745.jpg" src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-3-1024x745.jpg&w=1484" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; width: 592.1875px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><span class="pb-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(110, 110, 110); margin-top: 4px;">Figure 3: Counties that faced tighter competition from Chinese imports were more likely to vote for Trump than other Republican candidates in the past 20 years. Data: QCEW, UN Comtrade and CQ Voting & Elections Collection. Figure: Cerrato, Ferrara and Ruggieri.</span></div><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">For Mexican imports there is a slightly weaker relationship. The average increase in support for Republicans associated with import shocks from Mexico is around 2 percent.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">Comparing the two scatter plots shows two interesting facts. First, counties faced on average tighter competition from China than Mexico. Second, the correlation between import competition and support for Trump is stronger for the Chinese indicator than the Mexican one.</p><div class="modal-4 inline-photo inline-content inline-photo-normal horizontal-photo" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 12px 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: FranklinITCProLight, HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a name="96b3adc8f6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;" class=""></a><img class="zoom-in courtesy-of-the-resizer" data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-4-1024x745.jpg&w=1484" data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-4-1024x745.jpg&w=480" data-raw-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-4-1024x745.jpg" src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2016/12/FERRARA-Figure-4-1024x745.jpg&w=1484" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; width: 592.1875px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><span class="pb-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(110, 110, 110); margin-top: 4px;">Figure 4: Counties that faced tighter competition from Mexican imports were more likely to vote for Trump than other Republican candidates in the past 20 years, but less likely to do so than counties exposed to competition from China. Data: QCEW, UN Comtrade and CQ Voting & Elections Collection. Figure: Cerrato, Ferrara and Ruggieri.</span></div><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">Our model looks at trade exposure in a way that is independent from the state of the domestic economy, and the results hold even after accounting for changes in county demographics and educational attainment. We used a regression model that incorporates import variations experienced by the other G20 countries from the same trade partners and over the same time frame. This “instrumental variable” approach, similar to the one adopted by Autor, Dorn and Hanson, addressed the possibility that unmeasured factors might drive both import competition and voting behavior.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class=""><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Does this explain the appeal of protectionism?</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">We think that economic globalization — and its consequences at the local level — has fostered demands for protection, especially among the most vulnerable categories of workers. In turn, this has underpinned Trump’s anti-trade agenda for the United States. Ultimately, our analysis points out that import competition may have played a role in the presidential vote.</p><div class="brandconnect-inline-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: FranklinITCProLight, HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">While the backlash against globalization may be one of the common denominators of the rise of populism in the Western world, we caution that there is more to this story. We need more research and more accurate theories to explain the timing of this phenomenon and its context-specific effects, which seem to be very dependent upon political, institutional and historical contingencies.</p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class="">Therefore, we cannot presume that Donald Trump’s electoral success revolves entirely on domestic conflicts triggered by international economic dynamics. But we claim that deeper scrutiny of these dynamics is important to make full sense of the changing directions of our times. The data suggest so, too.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" class=""></p><p style="margin: 0px auto 18px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.8em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);" class=""><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-cerrato-286b0586?authType=NAME_SEARCH&authToken=hVca&locale=en_US&trk=tyah&trkInfo=clickedVertical%3Amynetwork%2CclickedEntityId%3A307316550%2CauthType%3ANAME_SEARCH%2Cidx%3A1-1-1%2CtarId%3A1480610114509%2Ctas%3A" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Andrea Cerrato</em></a><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""> and </em><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/francescoruggieri?authType=NAME_SEARCH&authToken=q9YX&locale=en_US&trk=tyah&trkInfo=clickedVertical%3Amynetwork%2CclickedEntityId%3A227498770%2CauthType%3ANAME_SEARCH%2Cidx%3A1-1-1%2CtarId%3A1480610096276%2Ctas%3Afrance" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Francesco Ruggieri</em></a><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""> are research professionals at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. </em><a href="https://it.linkedin.com/in/federico-maria-ferrara-87706894" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(25, 85, 165); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); zoom: 1; margin-bottom: 18px; line-height: 1.8em;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Federico Maria Ferrara</em></a><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""> is a PhD candidate in political science at the University of Geneva. This post was submitted Nov. 20 and election results are provisional to that date.</em></p><div style="clear: both;" class=""></div></div></body></html>