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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Hi everyone,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">This week, Ron Labonté, Courtney McNamara, Deb Gleeson and I published our article “USMCA (NAFTA 2.0): tightening the constraints of the right to regulate for public health” in the journal <i>Globalization and
Health</i>. The article discusses the implications of the new NAFTA for public health, labor and the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">I have attached the article and you can also access the article <a href="https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-019-0476-8"><span style="color:#954F72">here</span></a>. There is
also a summary of the article below. Enjoy!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:black">Eric Crosbie, MA, PhD</span></b><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Assistant Professor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">School of Community Health Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Ozmen Institute for Global Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">University of Nevada, Reno<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">1664 N. Virginia Street<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Reno, NV 89557-0274<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">775-682-8333<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><a href="https://www.unr.edu/public-health/faculty/eric-crosbie"><span style="color:#0563C1">https://www.unr.edu/public-health/faculty/eric-crosbie</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><a href="https://www.unr.edu/global-studies/affiliated-faculty/eric-crosbie"><span style="color:#0563C1">https://www.unr.edu/global-studies/affiliated-faculty/eric-crosbie</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;color:#1B3051"><a href="https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-019-0476-8#Abstract"><span style="color:#954F72;border:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:6.0pt;background:#E6E6E6">Abstract</span></a></span></b><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.4pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Palatino;color:#1B3051">Background</span></b><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Palatino;color:#333333">In late 2018 the United States, Canada, and Mexico signed a new trade agreement (most commonly referred to by its US-centric
acronym, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, or USMCA) to replace the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The new agreement is the first major trade treaty negotiated under the shadow of the Trump Administration’s unilateral imposition
of tariffs to pressure other countries to accept provisions more favourable to protectionist US economic interests. Although not yet ratified, the agreement is widely seen as indicative of how the US will engage in future international trade negotiations.</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.4pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Palatino;color:#1B3051">Methods</span></b><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Palatino;color:#333333">Drawing from methods used in earlier health impact assessments of the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement, we undertook a detailed
analysis of USMCA chapters that have direct or indirect implications for health. We began with an initial reading of the entire agreement, followed by multiple line-by-line readings of key chapters. Secondary sources and inter-rater (comparative) analyses
by the four authors were used to ensure rigour in our assessments.</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.4pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Palatino;color:#1B3051">Results</span></b><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Palatino;color:#333333">The USMCA expands intellectual property rights and regulatory constraints that will lead to increased drug costs, particularly
in Canada and Mexico. It opens up markets in both Canada and Mexico for US food exports without reducing the subsidies the US provides to its own producers, and introduces a number of new regulatory reforms that weaken public health oversight of food safety.
It reduces regulatory policy space through new provisions on ‘technical barriers to trade’ and requirements for greater regulatory coherence and harmonization across the three countries. It puts some limitations on contentious investor-state dispute provisions
between the US and Mexico, provisions often used to challenge or chill health and environmental measures, and eliminates them completely in disputes between the US and Canada; but it allows for new ‘legacy claims’ for 3 years after the agreement enters into
force. Its labour and environmental chapters contain a few improvements but overall do little to ensure either workers’ rights or environmental protection.</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.4pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Palatino;color:#1B3051">Conclusion</span></b><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Palatino;color:#333333">Rather than enhancing public health protection the USMCA places new, extended, and enforceable obligations on public regulators
that increase the power (voice) of corporate (investor) interests during the development of new regulations. It is not a health-enhancing template for future trade agreements that governments should emulate.</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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