<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""><a href="https://boycottx.org/end-vaccine-apartheid/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class="">https://boycottx.org/end-vaccine-apartheid/</a><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><b style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; background-color: whitesmoke;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">END VACCINE APARTHEID</span></b></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">By The Editorial Board<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;" class="">3/18/21</span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""> </span></div><p class="has-text-align-left" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin-top: 0in; background-color: white;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">An open letter from </span></strong><em class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">The Boycott Times </span></b></em><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Editorial Board</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">The latest in a series of proposals brought by India and South Africa to the World Trade Organization (WTO), backed by over 100 countries, to temporarily suspend COVID-19 vaccine patents was </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.law360.com/lifesciences/articles/1363457/wto-fails-to-reach-deal-on-covid-ip-waiver-proposal-again" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">blocked</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> by western powers, namely the United States, United Kingdom, and the European Union. The patents that give monopoly rights over the manufacture and sale of drugs like the COVID-19 vaccines are protected globally by The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), signed in 1994 by the WTO.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">A temporary TRIPS waiver would allow cutting-edge vaccines to be shared widely, allowing its generic manufacture in many countries in the global South that already have robust vaccine production facilities. This would ramp up production and make affordable vaccines available worldwide. The TRIPS agreement even has a waiver in place for situations of national emergencies. Instead of considering this idea, however, the Biden administration’s Chamber of Commerce <a href="https://www.law360.com/articles/1360519" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">warned</span></strong></a> the head of the WTO to stop entertaining patent waiver motions. This letter is a call for a dramatic shift in that policy.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">The U.S. has also <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/02/18/us-share-vaccine-americans-world-469886" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">rejected</span></strong></a> the idea of sharing a single vaccine until fully vaccinated, </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-as-millions-unusued-astrazeneca-coronavirus-vaccine-shots-not-sharing-2021-3" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">refusing</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> to export unused doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine, yet to be approved by the FDA, even with fellow western allies in Europe. “America First” has outlasted Donald Trump.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">TRIPS has no business being applied to global public health. Intellectual property in the form of patents has been </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://theintercept.com/2021/03/03/vaccine-coronavirus-big-pharma-biden/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">wielded as a weapon</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> by big pharma and the heads of nation-states, denying countless millions in the global South access to abundant, vital, cheap medication, while reaping billions. “TRIPS,” Joseph Stiglitz writes in <em class="">Making Globalization Work</em>, “imposed on the entire world the dominant intellectual property regime of the United States and Europe.”<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0in; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2rem;" class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">WE’VE SEEN THIS BEFORE: THE HIV CRISIS</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">At the peak of the HIV crisis, the inability to procure antiretroviral drugs because of strict western patents needlessly led to the deaths of tens of millions across the global South, most acutely in Africa, as revealed by the documentary </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.netflix.com/us-en/title/70268209" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">“Fire in the Blood.”</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">In the late 1990s, Peter Mugyenyi, an HIV doctor in Uganda, asked a generic medicine manufacturer in India to send his afflicted country cheap antiretroviral drugs crucial for fighting the virus. Unable to afford expensive branded drug prices from western pharmaceutical companies, Mugyenyi turned to India (the world’s largest producer of cheap generics). When the generics arrived at the Entebbe Airport in Uganda they were initially seized for violating intellectual property rights.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">In 2009, a freight of life-saving HIV medications sent to Nigerian clinics from India </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.safemedicines.org/2009/03/nigeriabound-hivaids-drugs-seized-in-netherlands.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">was also seized</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> during transit, this time at Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">These colonial battle lines are being drawn again with COVID-19 vaccines. An apartheid of unprecedented magnitude, the world is being cut in two: a vaccinated minority in gated communities and the unvaccinated masses on the other side, in what will inevitably be seen as a sealed-off COVID slum. “Europe is trying to vaccinate 80%,” </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://mg.co.za/africa/2021-03-02-we-cant-afford-to-become-the-covid-continent/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">warned</span></a> </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Africa’s Center for Disease Control and Prevention director Dr. John Nkengasong. “The United States is trying to vaccinate everybody. They will finish vaccinating, impose travel restrictions and then Africa becomes ‘the continent of Covid’.”<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> </span></div><p style="margin-top: 0in; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2rem;" class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">VACCINE APARTHEID</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">To date, the United States has vaccinated over </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/12/us-tops-100-million-covid-vaccine-doses-administered-13percent-of-adults-now-fully-vaccinated.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">100 million</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> people. The U.K. has ordered <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55274833" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">400 million</span></strong></a> doses of seven different vaccines, more than six times its population. Canada has hoarded enough vaccines to inoculate all its people </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/29/canada-and-uk-among-countries-with-most-vaccine-doses-ordered-per-person" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">five times</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> over. Meanwhile, </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/18/world/united-nations-130-countries-no-vaccine-trnd/index.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">130 countries</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, almost all in the global South, have yet to receive, let alone administer, a single dose. In addition, Israel has vaccinated the most people <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/israel-has-vaccinated-the-most-people-per-capita-against-covid-19-is-it-sustainable" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">per capita</span></strong></a> in the world, administering almost 9 million doses of the coveted Pfizer vaccine, but Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank, both under Israeli control, are seeing infections surge. Israel has given occupied Palestine only <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/55800921" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">5,000 vaccines</span></strong></a>.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">But the gravest vaccine apartheid of all, affecting the majority of humanity, and rapidly diminishing the chances for a global exit from the pandemic, was set in stone when the WTO refused to temporarily lift the patents on COVID-19 vaccines.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">COVAX, a program run by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Gavi Vaccine Alliance to purchase vaccines for the world’s lower income countries, is seen as a hallmark of western philanthropy and benevolence. Yet it follows the eerie playbook of the western aid industry: giving with one hand </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfnojfvwY5Q" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">as a cover</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> for taking far more with the other. Ghana, the first country in Africa to receive vaccines via the COVAX program, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-free-covid-vaccines-from-who-backed-covax-arrive-in-ghana-11614155319" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">got 300,000 doses</span></strong></a>, enough for just one percent of its population, while the vast majority of available doses are reserved for COVAX’s donor countries.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> </span></div><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">VACCINE EQUITY</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Without vaccine equity, we risk a world in which human mobility is stifled even more than it was before the pandemic, via restrictive militarized borders, a racialized travel privilege hierarchy, and passport power. The world risks deepening xenophobia, racism, even more hardened border policies, and a rapid, wholesale abandonment of equal human worth—a supposed cornerstone of western values.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">The west risks the ire of humanity. Few will forgive, none will forget.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">If vaccine passports are implemented, they will privilege a tiny minority of humanity. The E.U. said it will accept vaccine passports only with vaccinations </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.euronews.com/2021/03/12/eu-s-green-pass-for-free-movement-will-only-be-valid-with-ema-approved-covid-vaccinations" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">approved</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> by the European Medicines Agency. So far, only western vaccines have been approved. Chinese, Russian, Indian, and Cuban vaccines face a long road to approval, if at all. The approval process for COVAX, determined by the WHO, is also tinged with colonial notions. Non-western vaccines are unable to get approved as quickly, with speedier, preferential accreditation and legitimacy given to western science.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">There are two options left: we can repeat the bravado of the HIV era—in which countries like India ignored western patents—and risk seizures of vital, fragile vaccines at ports or in transit under pressure by western powers. Or if you live in a western country, you can write your representative, MP, or relevant authority to urge your country’s leaders to abandon the heartless, short-sighted, blocking of universal access to the chief exit strategy we have from the worst pandemic in a century. In the U.K., you can <a href="https://msf.org.uk/article/open-letter-uk-government-must-support-proposal-suspend-intellectual-property-during" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">add your voice</span></strong></a> to an open letter to the government calling for a suspension of intellectual property. (If you’d like to add your name to this open letter email us at: <a href="mailto:TheSmoke@BoycottX.org" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class="">TheSmoke@BoycottX.org</a>)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">END VACCINE APARTHEID NOW</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Bernie Sanders has urged Biden to change course and side with the Indian and South African proposals. He’s not alone. Nearly </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/03/09/70-us-supports-removing-vaccine-patents-sharing-recipes-globally-bring-pandemic-end" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">70 percent</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> of U.S. adults agree. With local, public pressure (because all politics is local; your rep cares about their state or district first) you can help end this pandemic.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Vaccines are not only a global public good, but they were also designed via a global process. Without Dr. Zhang Yongzhen’s genetic sequencing of the virus and the ingenuity of Turkish immigrants to Germany who developed the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, new mRNA vaccines would not have been possible. Epidemiologists have said that a gap in vaccination can create the conditions for mutations that could render existing vaccines ineffective, leading to the “nightmare scenario of a </span><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/ashishkjha/status/1354995269063090179?s=20" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">never-ending pandemic.”</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">In the wake of last summer’s anti-colonial reckoning, which forced the western world to confront itself, many symbols were dismantled. Now is a chance to translate that energy into policy. The dismantling of vaccine apartheid would be a monumental culmination of what brought young people into the streets for months: a ceaseless struggle against the killer inequities of a colonial era eager to outlive its day.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Vaccine equity now,<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/VikSoho" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Vik Sohonie</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times</em> Editorial Board (Bangkok, Thailand)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/CornelWest" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Cornel West</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times</em> Advisory Board (Cambridge [MA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/chris_mungai" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Christine Mungai</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times</em> Editorial Board (Nairobi, Kenya)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/lorgia_pena/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Lorgia García-Peña</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times</em> Advisory Board (Cambridge [MA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/TefPoe" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Tef Poe</span></strong></a>, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Editorial Board & Executive Director (St. Louis [MO], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/abufelix12" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Walter Johnson</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (Cambridge [MA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/mordecailyon" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Mordecai Lyon</span></strong></a>, <em class="">The Boycott Times</em> Editorial Board & Editor in Chief (New York, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/Ciarra_Milan" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Ciarra Jones</span></strong></a>, <em class="">The Boycott Times</em> Editorial Board (Los Angeles, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ross_(sociologist)" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Andrew Ross</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (New York, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/iamcoreyblack" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Corey Black</span></strong></a>, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (St. Louis [MO], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/eldanieluk/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Danny Hernandez</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Creative Director (Medellín, Colombia)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/sekamane" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Asta Selloane Sekamane</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (Copenhagen, Denmark)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/MagdaMatache" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Magda Matache</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (Cambridge [MA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/surajyengde" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Suraj Yengde</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (Cambridge [MA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/samorapinderhughes/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Samora Pinderhughes</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (New York, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/rooted_nappy/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Darien Pollock</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (Atlanta, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Daaimah Abdul-Hakeem Buffins</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (New York, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/_ismyel/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Ismail Abdul-Hakeem Buffins</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (Ann Arbor, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Matt Kumin</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times</em> General Counsel (Oakland [CA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Amy Lyon</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (Wilmington [NC], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/nasir_almasri" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Nasir Almasri</span></strong></a>, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (Chicago, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/sospicy910" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">steve núñez</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (Manchester [CT], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/todnethomas" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Todne Thomas</span></strong></a>, <em class="">Assistant Professor</em> |<em class=""> African American Religions</em>, (Cambridge [MA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/AndrewMakeTweet" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Andrew Goldstein</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine (New York, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/markkabban" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Mark Kabban</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (San Diego [CA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/krisisblackstar" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Kristian Blackmon</span></strong></a>, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (St. Louis [MO], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/_najha_/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Najha Zigbi-Johnson</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (New York, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://muckrack.com/yasmeen-al-shawwa-1" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Yasmeen Al-Shawwa</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (Medellín, Colombia)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Becca Rose</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (Somerville [MA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/ptsolkas" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Panagioti Tsolkas</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (Gainesville [FL], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/ksalaambeatnick" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">K Salaam</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (Vancouver, Canada)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Andrew Segal</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Advisory Board (Chicago, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://boycottx.org/columbia-tuition-strike/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Leena Yumeen</span></strong></a>, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (Weston [FL], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">K.C. O’Keife</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (New Orleans, U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/lyfestile7/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><strong class=""><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" class="">Lyfestile</span></strong></a>, <em class="">The Boycott Times </em>Contributor (St. Louis [MO], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/jimmyjkansas" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class=""><span style="color: black;" class="">Thomas Bunn</span></a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">, <em class="">Against The Grain Films</em> (Inglewood [CA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Maritza Flores</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> (Pacoima [CA], U.S.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Nik Howard, </span></strong><em class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Doctoral Researcher</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> (London, U.K.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="has-medium-font-size" style="margin: 0in 0in 2rem; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class="">Janto Djassi Roessner</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(33, 37, 41);" class=""> (Hamburg, Germany)</span></p></div><br class=""><div class="">
Arthur Stamoulis<br class="">Citizens Trade Campaign<br class="">(202) 494-8826<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">
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