<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in;" class=""><i class=""><font face="Aptos, sans-serif" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">A couple pieces on the upcoming APEP trade </span><span style="font-size: 14.666666984558105px;" class="">ministerial</span></font><font face="Aptos, sans-serif" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(70, 120, 134); font-size: 14.666666984558105px;" class="">…</span></font></i></div><div style="margin: 0in;" class=""><i class=""><font face="Aptos, sans-serif" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(70, 120, 134); font-size: 14.666666984558105px;" class=""><br class=""></span></font></i></div><div style="margin: 0in;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0in;" class=""><font color="#467886" class=""><a href="https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/isds-trade-deals-americas" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/isds-trade-deals-americas</a></font><i style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></i></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">Opinion: Repairing the Harmful Legacy of Corporate-Dominated Trade in the Americas<o:p class=""></o:p></b></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><i class="">As a former ISDS defense attorney, I represented Latin American governments against corporations and witnessed firsthand the devastating impacts of this mechanism on local communities, economies, and environments.<o:p class=""></o:p></i></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">By Iza Camarillo | July 31, 2024<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">For decades, U.S. trade policy across Latin America has prioritized the profit of U.S. mega-corporations over the well-being of communities, workers, democracy, and human rights. Now, as trade ministers from the U.S. and eleven countries in our hemisphere convene at the Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity (APEP) Ministerial in Quito this week, they have an opportunity to address one of the worst manifestations of this shameful legacy.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Embedded within trade and investment agreements between the U.S. and many countries in Latin America is a relic of <u class=""><a href="https://gtwaction.org/isds-impacts-on-indigenous-peoples/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">colonialism</a></u> that empowers multinational corporations to challenge any public interest law and policy that may interfere with their profits in extrajudicial, closed-door arbitration tribunals. This insidious system is called <u class=""><a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/selected-statements-and-actions-against-investor-state-dispute-settlement-isds-2/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">Investor-State Dispute Settlement</a></u> (ISDS), and it effectively erodes democracy while fleecing governments of taxpayer dollars and diverting public funds. Yet the secretive nature of the ISDS system ensures the public remains largely unaware.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">As a former ISDS defense attorney, I represented Latin American governments against corporations and witnessed firsthand the devastating impacts of ISDS on local communities, economies, and environments. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Time and again, I saw how ISDS granted corporations unprecedented power beyond domestic laws to sue foreign governments for any action they argue violates their broad investor rights, even if governments attempt to protect human rights, workers, or the environment. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Only corporations can launch suits, meaning governments cannot hold corporations accountable. Therefore, if a corporation engages in harmful practices and a government tries to mitigate them, the company can launch an ISDS claim. This system has awarded corporations over <u class=""><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a78168-paying-polluters-catastrophic-consequences-investor-state-dispute?s=03#new_tab" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">$100 billion</a></u> in taxpayer dollars in known cases, with fossil fuel companies being the primary beneficiaries. The actual sum is likely much higher since awards are often kept secret.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">The impact of ISDS on Latin America and the Caribbean has been particularly severe. The region faces a disproportionate number of ISDS disputes (<u class=""><a href="https://isdslac.georgetown.edu/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">nearly a third of all cases</a></u>) despite having less than 10% of the world’s population. Latin American governments have been forced to pay corporations <u class=""><a href="https://isdslac.georgetown.edu/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">$33.8 billion</a></u> in known awards and settlements, diverting critical resources from social needs.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Following colonization, newly independent nations were pressured to adopt trade and investment deals with ISDS provisions supposedly to attract investment. Despite proponents’ claims, <u class=""><a href="https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/working_papers/alw_isds_itcwp.pdf" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">studies show no meaningful increase</a></u> in foreign investment due to ISDS provisions. <u class=""><a href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-investment-climate-statements/brazil/#:~:text=Brazil%20was%20the%20world's%20sixth,Trade%20and%20Development%20(UNCTAD)" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">Brazil</a></u> does not have any treaties with ISDS and yet receives the most foreign investment in the region. Instead, ISDS has entrenched an imbalanced system where multinational corporations wield disproportionate power and pillage resources unchecked, often at the expense of the environment and local communities, echoing the colonial paradigm. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">I have also witnessed many times how ISDS undermines the will of the people and places Indigenous communities in danger, particularly when corporations want to extract resources from their lands. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">The right to <u class=""><a href="https://www.ihrb.org/explainers/what-is-free-prior-and-informed-consent-fpic" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">Free, Prior, and Informed Consent</a></u> is a cornerstone of Indigenous rights, allowing them to agree to or reject proposals impacting their lands. However, governments may <u class=""><a href="https://summit.sfu.ca/item/16385" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">sideline</a></u> these rights to avoid costly ISDS litigation, undermining Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination. While Indigenous rights are enshrined in international law, they are often inadequately enforced, whereas ISDS obligations are both <u class=""><a href="https://jusmundi.com/en/document/publication/en-enforcement-and-recognition-of-icsid-awards#:~:text=In%20practice%2C%20where%20a%20State,the%20award%20may%20be%20executed" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">binding and highly enforceable</a></u>. Furthermore, ISDS tribunals frequently<u class=""><a href="https://ccsi.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/docs/our%20focus/extractive%20industries/uncitral-submission-third-party-participation-en.pdf" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class=""> restrict</a></u> the participation of local communities before issuing their awards, effectively <u class=""><a href="https://gtwaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ISDS-Indigenous-Peoples-Report-FINAL-6-10.pdf" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">silencing the voices of the most impacted and vulnerable</a></u>.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Notably, the APEP ministerial is taking place in Ecuador, a country that has endured <u class=""><a href="https://gtwaction.org/egregious-isds-cases/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">egregious ISDS cases</a></u> highlighting the erosion of sovereignty and environmental injustice perpetuated by the system. For example, after being found guilty of severe pollution and environmental damage to the Amazon and ordered to clean up by Ecuadorian courts, U.S. oil giant Chevron launched an ISDS suit against Ecuador for <u class=""><a href="https://gtwaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ISDS-Egregious-Cases.pdf" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">$9.5 billion</a></u> instead of complying. Another case involved Occidental Petroleum, which was awarded <u class=""><a href="https://gtwaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ISDS-Egregious-Cases.pdf" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">$1.4 billion</a></u> after Ecuador terminated a contract due to the company’s violation of domestic laws.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">In 2009, after undertaking an extensive audit of its investment treaties, Ecuador denounced ISDS, <u class=""><a href="https://www.iisd.org/itn/en/2009/06/05/ecuador-continues-exit-from-icsid/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">withdrew its membership</a></u> from the World Bank’s venue where most ISDS cases are heard, and <u class=""><a href="https://www.iisd.org/itn/en/2017/06/12/ecuador-denounces-its-remaining-16-bits-and-publishes-caitisa-audit-report/#:~:text=Ecuadorian%20President%20Rafael%20Correa%20formalized,Kingdom%2C%20the%20United%20States%20and" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">terminated 16 bilateral investment treaties</a></u>. Subsequent Ecuadorian governments have unsuccessfully tried to reinstate ISDS. In response to a <u class=""><a href="https://www.tni.org/en/article/ecuador-holds-the-line-on-isds" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">referendum</a></u> this past April, Ecuadorian voters rejected ISDS in a landslide. This is a powerful, democratic statement against a system that prioritizes corporations.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Ecuador’s struggle with ISDS is emblematic of the broader issues countries face, and the global opposition to ISDS is growing. The European Union recently <u class=""><a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/eu-agrees-quit-energy-investment-treaty-over-climate-concerns-2024-05-30/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">exited the Energy Charter Treaty</a></u>, which granted ISDS powers to fossil fuel companies, citing concerns that it undermined the fight against climate change. Bolivia, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, South Africa, and Venezuela have also taken steps to <u class=""><a href="https://ccsi.columbia.edu/content/turning-tide-how-harness-americas-partnership-economic-prosperity-deliver-isds-free" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">eliminate their ISDS liability</a></u>. United Nations experts have <u class=""><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2015/10/international-trade-un-expert-calls-abolition-investor-state-dispute" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">called for the abolition</a></u> of ISDS, citing its undermining of state sovereignty, democracy, and the rule of law. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Domestically, there is increasing <u class=""><a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/selected-statements-and-actions-against-investor-state-dispute-settlement-isds-2/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">bipartisan pressure</a></u> to end ISDS. Both the previous and current administrations have taken steps away from ISDS. President Biden pledged to abstain from including ISDS provisions in new trade deals. Last year, over <u class=""><a href="https://www.citizen.org/wp-content/uploads/exit-ISDS-organizational-letter.pdf" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">200 U.S. labor unions, faith groups, and environmental organizations</a></u> urged President Biden to eliminate ISDS from existing treaties, highlighting its detrimental impact on public health, climate protections, Indigenous land rights, and democratic sovereignty. Members of Congress have echoed these calls, emphasizing the need to address ISDS to tackle the <u class=""><a href="https://lindasanchez.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/sanchez-doggett-call-biden-administration-reform-cafta-dr-trade" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">root causes of migration</a></u>, <u class=""><a href="https://www.warren.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/warren-whitehouse-cohen-lawmakers-urge-biden-administration-to-eliminate-investor-state-dispute-settlement-from-existing-us-trade-and-investment-agreements" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">protect the environment</a></u>, and <u class=""><a href="https://www.warren.senate.gov/oversight/letters/senator-warren-representative-doggett-call-for-elimination-of-investor-state-dispute-settlement-system-action-on-behalf-of-honduran-government" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">uphold democratic values</a></u>.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Achieving APEP’s <u class=""><a href="https://uy.usembassy.gov/declaration-of-the-leaders-of-the-americas-partnership-for-economic-prosperity/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">stated goals</a></u> of fostering inclusivity and sustainable economic development hinges on reconciling past policy mistakes. Members of Congress recently urged USTR to <u class=""><a href="https://subscriber.politicopro.com/f/?id=00000190-d7cf-d315-a5da-f7ffae8c0000" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(70, 120, 134);" class="">establish a working group</a></u> within APEP to explore options for eliminating ISDS provisions in existing trade deals. Not only is this possible, but it is also essential to align trade policy with the values of democracy, human rights, and environmental protection.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">APEP ministers should seize this opportunity and eliminate ISDS once and for all to give a sustainable future for people and the environment a fighting chance. The stakes are too high to do otherwise.</span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">=====</span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">Politico Morning Trade</b>, 7/30/24<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><p class="" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; line-height: 24px;"><strong class="" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">WHAT GREEN GROUPS WANT FROM APEP: </strong>A coalition of 15 environmental and social justice organizations is pushing USTR Katherine Tai to prioritize sustainability in critical minerals production as she heads to Quito, Ecuador, this week to meet with fellow trade ministers.</p><p class="" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; line-height: 24px;"><strong class="" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity</strong> <strong class="" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">trade ministerial is set for Thursday,</strong> according to USTR’s public schedule, and is expected to cover how to advance the initiative’s trade track. <a href="https://go.politicoemail.com/?qs=6cee203366b171eba2dc9efeec525c439398081a0e52cea36e80ef1924ce84109e7e438071d5ae469ba24f65d14b6c564dd45a32592b1c2c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="">It could also touch on</a> harmonizing standards on electronic signature rules and workforce development.</p><p class="" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; line-height: 24px;">The partners could also make further progress on establishing a process for new countries to join the coalition, after APEP members agreed on the goal of expansion during their last ministerial in Washington.</p><p class="" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; line-height: 24px;">Major progressive and environmental groups like Public Citizen and the Trade Justice Education Fund signed onto the letter, which they submitted earlier this month.</p><p class="" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; line-height: 24px;">“U.S. initiatives aimed at improving critical minerals supply chains must do so in a manner that prioritizes meeting the climate, job creation, and sustainable development goals of both the United States and its trading partners, while also advancing a global race-to-the-top in human rights,” <a href="https://go.politicoemail.com/?qs=204a9f287130c2cc91ae4752fc300a6c30bdc2b554773afde56372c50b12e315a1e5be4aed5b354477ff1239c23c5552af8b53077e2f27d7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="">the groups wrote</a>.</p><p class="" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; line-height: 24px;"><strong class="" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">Making progress here</strong> “will require both the development of agreements with enforceable rules that deliver on these goals and the careful selection of partner countries willing and able to enforce those terms or face sanctions,” they continue.</p><div class=""><br class=""></div></div></div></body></html>